Astm c33 16 pdf free download

Results of this test serpentine , or constituents producing late-slow reactivity. See method should not be used for rejection of aggregates unless it the appendix to Test Method C for a discussion of the has been established using the sources of supplementary interpretation of results and applicable references. If test results information cited in the test method that the detected expansion indicate deleterious or potentially deleterious character, the is actually due to alkali-silica reaction.

There is good agree- aggregates should be tested in accordance with Test Methods ment in the published literature cited in the test method for the C or C to verify the potential for expansion in expansion limits: 1 expansions of less than 0. The field performance. If test results indicate expansion greater alkali content of the portland cement should be at least 0. Combinations of aggregate and cementitious mate- experience demonstrates that it does not cause deleterious rials that have produced excessive expansions in this test expansion in concrete.

See X1. While the line of demarcation between innocuous and potentially delete- X1. Expansions greater than 0. The test needed to avoid deleterious expansion with a particular con- method is accelerated by using an elevated alkali content and struction aggregate.

Test Method C exposure conditions. The appendix to Test X1. When evaluating aggregates independently, those with of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate — expansions equal to or greater than 0. When evaluating with cementitious materials composed of hydraulic cement and combinations of hydraulic cement and pozzolan or ground pozzolans or ground granulated blast-furnace slag under stor- granulated blast-furnace slag, the test is extended to two years age conditions described in Test Method C Because using the 0.

This test method is consid- mortar specimens are stored in 1N NaOH solution, the test may ered to be the most reliable procedure among ASTM Test underestimate the effectiveness of cementitious materials that Methods for the evaluation of aggregates for alkali-silica rely to a significant degree on low alkali content for mitigation.

In general, expansions less than 0. Similarly, if the aggregate X1. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive should be con- X1. These include measures such as: low-alkali cement Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction —Rocks that are capable of Specification C with the low-alkali option ; blended ce- potentially deleterious carbonate rock reaction are relatively ments Specification C with the Table 2 optional mortar infrequent and seldom constitute a significant proportion of a expansion requirement or Performance Specification C deposit of rock being considered for use in making aggregate with Option R ; pozzolanic materials meeting the optional for concrete.

Test Method C has been successfully used in physical requirement on effectiveness in controlling alkali- research and in preliminary screening of aggregate sources to silica reaction in Specification C or reactivity with cement indicate the presence of material with a potential for deleteri- alkalies in Specification C for silica fume ; or ground slag ous expansions when used in concrete.

The effectiveness of the tended to evaluate specific combinations of materials in con- cementitious materials or admixtures, or both, chosen to crete when the aggregate is regarded as susceptible to delete- mitigate a potentially reactive aggregate should be demon- rious expansion in service due to the alkali-carbonate rock strated through tests of the individual materials, or tests of the reaction.

The appendix to Test Method C provides general proposed combination in concrete. A cement-aggregate combination might reasonably be tiveness of Mineral Admixtures or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag classified as potentially deleteriously reactive if the average in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the expansion of six concrete specimens is equal to or greater than: Alkali-Silica Reaction —This test method evaluates cementi- 0.

Data for later ages are preferred. Specifica- X1. Specification Method C or concrete prisms Test Method C , no C provides criteria for the use of Test Method C to mitigation is necessary for alkali-carbonate rock reaction. Appendix X3 to Similarly, if the aggregate has a long satisfactory service record Specification C describes its use for ground granulated with similar materials and conditions, no mitigation is neces- blast-furnace slag.

Project specific materials can be evaluated sary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be by proportioning the mortars according to the Job Mixture potentially deleteriously alkali-carbonate reactive in concrete is clause. In evaluating the results of this test, it should be not recommended unless it can be shown that mitigation recognized that borosilicate glass is more reactive than most methods will be effective. Pozzolans generally have not been construction aggregates; therefore, the amount of a given found to control alkali-carbonate rock reaction.

Note—This confer- TX, , pp. Copies of 2 Norvell, J. G and Fowler, D. December , pp. Mielenz, Chapter pp. Deleterious Substances with moist ground shall not contain any materials that are If the class is not specified, the requirements for Class 3S, amounts, use of the fine aggregate is not prohibited when used 3M, or 1N shall apply in the severe, moderate, and negligible with a cement containing less than 0. The limits to the alkali-aggregate reaction. See Appendix X1, X1. Selecting a class with unduly restrictive limits 8.

Soundness may result in unnecessary cost if materials meeting those requirements are not locally available. Selecting a class with lenient limits may result in 8.

Those undertaking specifier that concrete of comparable properties, made from construction, especially near the boundaries of weathering regions, should similar aggregate from the same source, has given satisfactory consult local weather bureau records for amount of winter precipitation service when exposed to weathering similar to that to be and number of freeze-thaw cycles to be expected, for determining the encountered.

For construction at altitudes exceeding m [ ft] above 8. In arid areas, severity of weathering may be meeting the requirements of this section provided that the less than that indicated. In either case, the definitions of weathering supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or specifier it gives severity in Table 4 would govern.

If there is doubt in choosing between two regions, select the more severe weathering region. General Characteristics amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or 9. Mixing water requirements may be increased to the alkali-aggregate reaction. Partially deteriorated concrete, X1. Methods of Sampling and Testing of 2. Only material that is brownish-black, or black, shall be following methods, except as otherwise provided in this considered coal or lignite.

Coke shall not be classed as coal or specification. Make the required tests on test specimens that lignite. It is The use of separated sizes from the sieve analysis or Test Method C For NOTE 11—The material used for the soundness test requires resieving to Keywords Additional discussion been adopted as ASTM standards.

However, there is no general is included in Refs 4 5. These references address both agreement on the relation between the results of these tests and alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate rock reaction. Results of the tests referred to in this X1. When interpret- Aggregates —This guide outlines the procedures for examin- ing expansion of laboratory specimens, consideration should ing an aggregate sample or a sample from a potential aggregate be given not only to expansion values at specific ages, but also source to determine whether substances that are potentially to the shape of the expansion curve, which may indicate deleteriously reactive are present; and, if so, in what amounts.

To be considered intermediate to acid silica-rich volcanic glass such as is likely valid, a record of satisfactory service should be available for at to occur in rhyolite, andesite, or dacite. Determination of the least 10 years for aggregates, cementitious materials, and presence and quantities of these materials by petrographic exposures sufficiently similar to those in which an aggregate is examination is helpful in evaluating potential alkali reactivity.

The most rapidly reactive in concrete either through laboratory or service record carbonate rocks possess a characteristic texture in which evaluation, use of the aggregate should be considered with relatively large crystals of dolomite are scattered in a finer- measures known to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali- grained matrix of calcite and clay.

These rocks also have a aggregate reaction. See the mitigation sections in this appendix under X1. These procedures stantial amounts of both dolomite and calcite, and the acid- are similar to the provisions of Test Method C discussed as insoluble residue contains a significant amount of clay.

Certain follows for mineral admixtures and ground slag. Due to the specimen conditioning and reduction in alkalinity Rc for each of the three test procedures, the expansion of mortar bars in this test method portions from the prepared aggregate test sample. Aggregates may not be related to alkali-silica reaction under normal- represented by plotted points Sc, Rc , which lie on the temperature conditioning. Data on the use of this test method deleterious side of the solid curve of Fig.

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M Moderate Weathering Region—A climate where occasional freezing is expected, but where concrete in outdoor service will not be continually exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture or to deicing chemicals. N Negligible Weathering Region—A climate where concrete is rarely exposed to freezing in the presence of moisture. A Crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag is excluded from the abrasion requirements.

The grading of slag used in the bulk density unit weight test shall conform to the grading to be used in the concrete. Abrasion loss of gravel, crushed gravel, or crushed stone shall be determined on the test size or sizes most nearly corresponding to the grading or gradings to be used in the concrete. When more than one grading is to be used, the limit on abrasion loss shall apply to each. C This percentage under either of the following conditions: 1 is permitted to be increased to 1.

In lieu of stating the nominal maximum size, the NOTE 4—Relevant properties are those properties of the concrete that specifier shall designate an appropriate size number or numbers are important to the particular application being considered. STP D5 see Designation of a size number to indicate provides a discussion of important concrete properties. The base fineness modulus gradings are not otherwise restricted by the project specifier shall be that value that is typical of the source.

The purchaser and the nominal maximum size indicated by the size number is or specifier has the authority to approve a change in the base not exceeded, fineness modulus.

The proportioning of a concrete mixture may 3 , which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium be dependent on the base fineness modulus of the fine aggregate to be sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and used. Therefore, when it appears that the base fineness modulus is 4. Deleterious Substances Note 1. General Characteristics 7. Except as herein provided, aggregates 5. Grading prohibited, provided that the discoloration is due principally to 6.

Sieve Specification E11 Percent Passing 7. The addition deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an of entrained air, additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or admixture to supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such concrete, except that if such materials are present in injurious difficulties.

See Appendix X1, X1. Soundness concrete of the class specified, made with fine aggregate under consideration, will have relevant properties see Note 4 at 8. Crushed 8. Grading service when exposed to weathering similar to that to be For quality control of any meeting the requirements of this section provided that the specific operation, a producer should develop an average grading for the supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or specifier it gives particular source and production facilities, and should control the produc- satisfactory results in concrete subjected to freezing and tion gradings within reasonable tolerances from this average.

Deleterious Substances 9. General Characteristics If the class is not specified, the requirements for Class 3S, thereof, conforming to the requirements of this specification. NOTE 6—Although crushed hydraulic-cement concrete has been used as an aggregate with reported satisfactory results, its use may require some NOTE 8—The specifier of the aggregate should designate the class of additional precautions. Mixing water requirements may be increased coarse aggregate to be used in the work, based on weathering severity, because of the harshness of the aggregate.

Partially deteriorated concrete, abrasion, and other factors of exposure see Table 3 and Fig. The limits FIG.

Make the required tests on test specimens that to ensure satisfactory performance in concrete for the respective type and comply with requirements of the designated test methods.

It is location of construction. Selecting a class with unduly restrictive limits not prohibited to use the same test specimen for sieve analysis may result in unnecessary cost if materials meeting those requirements are not locally available. The use of separated sizes from the sieve analysis While concrete in different parts of a single structure may be adequately is acceptable for soundness or abrasion tests, however, addi- made with different classes of coarse aggregate, the specifier may wish to tional test specimen preparation is required see Note For require the coarse aggregate for all concrete to conform to the same more other test procedures and the evaluation of potential alkali restrictive class to reduce the chance of furnishing concrete with the wrong class of aggregate, especially on smaller projects.