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Notice that the disc is both Microsoft Certified and Powered by Linux. Hope you find it as entertaining as I did. Tony foreground , an avid collector of spongy penguins given out at various Linux events, now thinks computers were created by penguins, or vice versa. Ronnie, on the other hand, no longer just asks to go to Daddys work. He now wants to see Daddys Big Work. Photo of the Month gets you a one-year extension to your subscription. Photos to ljeditor ssc. Youve been fiddling with Linux laptops.

There, they point to good sources for more informa tion on Samba, OpenLDAP and other software, so you can do your own project. We didnt either, but Stefan Cars did. Doing a df command, he found that his disk usage was reported to be Suspecting an error, he posted to the linuxkernel mailing list, but although several folks offered speculation on what had happened, Wichert had fixed the problem with e2fsck and was unable to do further tests to confirm one explanation or the other.

This sort of thing happens from time to timea strange, unexplained anomaly. Maybe it will appear again in some later kernel version and be diagnosed, or maybe it was a hardware glitch. Mitch Williams recently found that files in SysFS could not be appended to.

Any attempt to do so would overwrite the old data with the new. Even opening the file and seeking to the end before writing would have the same effect.

Greg Kroah-Hartman confirmed that this was not at all the intended behavior, especially considering that SysFS would overwrite the data without giving any error message. Mitch had a patch ready to correct both casesappending and seekingand after some small patch-splitting discussion with Greg, it looks as though SysFSs behavior will change so file operations appear more normal.

A new security kernel. The purpose of this list is to receive reports of security exploits before they become commonly available, so the Linux developers can create and distribute fixes before attackers can create and deploy attacks. One of the features of this list is that subscription is by invitation only, and the archives are not made immediately available, as they are with the regular linux-kernel mailing list.

Linus Torvalds, who has said he personally would much prefer a completely open style of development, has joined the list, with the idea that the greater secrecy urged by folks like Marcelo Tosatti regarding nonpublic security issues might turn out to be a good idea after all. In any event, hes willing to try it and see. This sort of issue inevitably will be controversial, especially among strong advocates of the open-source development model.

Traditionally, these schedulers especially the process scheduler have been notoriously difficult to get right, because of the tremendous variety of user behavior. How can developers be sure that any particular algorithm will work best under any particular set of user activi-.

Really, they cant. Something like Jakes work, if feasible, could pave the way for an entirely new method of tuning kernel parameters. At the same time, genetic algorithms tend to be unpredictable in their results, and unpredictability is not necessarily desirable in a kernel. I imagine developers would be resistant to including this sort of patch unless it could produce very large and measurable performance improvements.

Even then, they might want to include only the results of the genetic tuning and not the actual genetic algorithm itself. Time will tell. Before now, this had not been supported, but apparently starting with 2.

Little by little, the swsusp code advances, and the controversy and acrimony of competing code bases that we saw over the past year is starting to fade away. Of course, Software Suspend is an inherently tricky problem, because some hardware simply wont cooperate. In such situations controversy will be inevitable, and the difficulty of knowing the best way to tackle a given problem tends to become a question of unpleasant trade-offs.

But, swsusp certainly is looking very promising right now. Theres been a lot of maintainership activity recently among new and existing kernel projects alike.

Matthias Kunze has taken over the apparently unmaintained Enhanced Linux Progress Patch and forwardported it to 2.

Adrian Bunk has taken over the util-linux project from Andries Brouwer, after Andries had put out a call for a new maintainer back in September Traditionally, Linux development lists are open to all posters to encourage bug reports from as many users as possible, but not all kernel-related projects agree with this policy.

For those who dont, folks like Domen Puncer have been submitting patches to identify those lists as subscriber-only. Best Network Pickings Netapplet is a neat little network interface control applet that lets users select networks and interfaces.

Because the air in most civilized places is now thick with Wi-Fi signals, available networks are represented by horizontal bars representing signal quality and handy little padlock icons representing WEP locks.

That means you can warwalk or wardrive, or warfly and select open networks on the fly. This makes it a must-have app for every mobile Linux user. It was written, coincidentally, by contributing editor Robert Love, along with his colleague Joe Shaw, but I discovered it while walking the floor at the latest LinuxWorld Expo, looking for cool stuff. It was the coolest thing I saw at the show.

Robert points out that netapplet has a few other neat features too. It automatically will fall back to a new wireless network when your current network goes away. It stores WEP keys in an encrypted gnome-keyring for automatic reconnection and works around a bunch of wireless driver bugs to make the experience better. By the way, it works with wired networks and PPP dial-up connections as well. More information is available at primates. Hacking the source to fix a vulnerability listed on CERT, along with editing the Makefile, were key steps for getting the latter going.

Piers Cawley covered setting up the Majordomo mailing-list manager, including how to add a patch to force Majordomo to send out a digest if messages are sitting around for too long. The minimum memory requirement was 4MB, and according to the ad, a typical installation with development tools, Sendmail and X would require about 40MB.

Finally, Linus Torvalds released Linux 1. The real license in the actual code stayed GPL, of course. Linux user group mailing lists are buzzing with announcements for personal video recorder Build-Ins. Seth Schoen wrote about the threat of the proposed Broadcast Flag regulation two years ago in Linux Journal. The regulation is scheduled to go into effect on July 1, Instead of biting your nails waiting for the courts, get parts and build a PVR while you still can. Turn your friends who want a cool system like yours into technology freedom supporters.

One group, Bay Area Debian, turned the build-in into an excuse for a group trip to Frys, the discount electronics store where aisles sometimes turn into informal peer-to-peer Linux hardware support seminars. Their cookbook is a great first family Linux project: eff. Sunbird and iCalendar Mozillas Sunbird calendar combines the advantages of centralized, cooperative Web applications with the speed and usability of a crossplatform desktop tool.

After all, I was writing only small bits of code; nothing I did could hold a candle to what a real program, running on the desktop of someones computer, could do. Of course, things have changed quite a bit in the computer industry since those early days. Today, Webbased applications are not only an established fact of life, but they seem to be playing an increasingly prominent role in our daily lives.

I began to look into software that I could use to prepare my US income taxes. I shouldnt have been surprised to discover that many companies now are offering Web-based tax calculation programs.

The term ASP, or application service provider, was hot several years ago, when it seemed as if all software would work over the Web. Although there have been some obvious success stories, there also were many failures, for technical and business reasons alike. Its easy to understand why Webbased applications are attractive to a business: you no longer have to test.

Figure 1. The main Sunbird window, in multiweek mode. Two of my three calendars Hebcal and Northwestern grad school are color-coded, both in the definition pane and the main window. Also notice how items in my to-do list are color-coded, indicating whether they are on time, late, in need of attention or ongoing.

You no longer need to support many different versions of the software, because only one version is accessible at any given time. Bug fixes and software updates can be integrated into the system almost continuously. The software is available from anywhere with an Internet connection, instead of only on the computer on which it was installed. The list goes on and on.

From many perspectives, this approach makes more sense than stamping out thousands of CDs, testing the software on hundreds of configurations and staffing a large call center to support all of those configurations. But for all of the hoopla, Web applications still are limited compared to their desktop counterparts.

Because all serious processing is done on the server, including writing to and reading from databases and files, instantaneous feedback from the interface is almost impossible. Even with the fastest servers and a lot of clever magic, such programs still can seem somewhat tedious. Googles new maps system see the on-line Resources , for example, demonstrates that it is possible, albeit difficult, to create Web applications that feel much like their desktop counterparts.

Those of us without Googles resources increasingly are turning to another solution, namely using hybrid softwaredesktop applications that rely heavily on Web technologies. Web browsers were, for a long time, the only programs that made serious use of these standards. There arent too many examples of word processors and spreadsheets using these protocolsat least, not that Im aware ofbut one hybrid program has been playing an increasingly prominent role in my.

Sunbird Figure 1 is the standalone version of the calendar extension that can be installed along with either Firefox or Thunderbird. Integration with these two programs is far from perfect, and I sometimes want to run or restart one without the other. So I installed Sunbird over the summer and have been pleased with each new release as it is made available. Now, you might think there is nothing inherently useful about having a calendar use Web technologies.

But in the case of Sunbird and the iCalendar standard, there is a major benefitnamely, the ability to create calendars for public consumption. This month, we begin a several-month journey through the creation, distribution and sharing of calendars based on the iCalendar standard. Along the way, well see not only how to work with iCalendar, but how the hybrid applications can provide a powerful combination of features and an enhanced user experience.

The basic idea is simple: if all users at my office keep track of their schedules on their own computers, it makes things efficient for those individuals but no better for the group than if they were using a pocket diary. Scheduling meetings still would be a hassle. Moreover, group events would have to be entered once on each persons calendarmeaning that when a meeting moves from Monday to Wednesday, each team member needs to adjust his or her individual calendars accordingly.

The original vision, as far as I can tell, pictured people using programs that implement iCalendar on their computers and sharing that information with others by way of the network and Internet. The reality has taken some time to catch up with this theory, but a variety of programs now are available that do implement parts of the iCalendar suite. I should note that the entire iCalendar Project has been the victim of some bad and unlucky naming problems.

The file in which data is stored and that can be used to interchange information is called vCalendar, just as the electronic business-card format is known as vCard. But many people and applications, including Sunbird, refer to the file format as iCalendar, even though the file identifies itself as vCalendar.

As you can imagine, the term iCalendar has been shortened to iCal, which is especially unfortunate, given that Apples Mac OS X operating system comes with a program called iCal that uses the vCalendar file format. Because the use of vCalendar to describe these files seems to have gone the way of the dodo, I simply use the word iCalendar to refer to both the file format and the overall standard.

Download and install the appropriate version of the Sunbird standalone calendar program; see Resources for the URL. If youre a bit more daring, you can install one of the nightly builds; I actually am using Sunbird as my primary calendaring application, so I have been using the official builds. If you prefer to have your calendar integrated into.

If you install an extension to Firefox or Thunderbird, you need to restart the host program before continuing. Sunbird allows you to create two types of items, events and tasks. Events normally appear on the calendar itself and can include holidays and meetings. Tasks normally appear on the left side of the screen and indicate things that you should get done, with an optional starting and ending date.

Sunbird changes the color of tasks according to how soon they need to be done; overdue tasks are in red, current ones are in blue and future ones are in green. Gray tasks are in the far-off future, and crossed-out onesif you choose to display themare completed tasks. Both events and tasks can be repeating, meaning we can schedule a meeting for every Wednesday at 4 PM over the next ten weeks rather than entering ten individual events in the calendar.

We can enter exceptions to such recurring events as needed, and we can set them to recur every few days, months or years, with every few being user-definable. The way in which Sunbird structures these events and tasks strongly mirrors the vCalendar files in which they are stored. Although you might expect a modern Internet standard to use XML, iCalendars file format consists of name-value pairs separated by a colon :.

Each event or task has its own begin or end line, and the entire calendar file similarly is nested between overall begin and end lines.

Normally, each name-value pair in an iCalendar file sits on a single line. However, indenting a line with any whitespace means that it continues the data from the previous line, as in: name:value name2: value2 name3 :value3. The above example defines three name-value pairs, each making slightly different use of whitespace. Sunbird normally uses the third option, such that each name is on a line by itself with its associated value indented on a subsequent line.

Sunbird, as with other Mozilla products, puts all of its data files in a profile directory whose name is created randomly when you first start the program.

The iCalendar files themselves are placed in the Calendar subdirectory within the profile directory. The beauty of iCalendar is you arent expected to have all of the calendar data in one file or even on one computer. An iCalendar-compliant program displays the union of all calendar data from all of the data files it has been instructed to read. You thus can have several different calendar files on your own computer, each of which reflects a different aspect of your life, for example, personal vs.

You also can retrieve calendar data files from other sources, including over HTTP, meaning that group calen-. When you first start Sunbird or when you first create a calendar with it, the program creates a CalendarDataFile.

If you have more than one calendar, you end up with a number of such files on your system. Each file has the name CalendarDataFileN. The structure of the file itself is pretty simple. Each event then has a unique ID; a summary, which normally is displayed in the calendar; a status; a class, which indicates whether you want to share this calendar information with others; and then the starting and ending times. It also has a timestamp showing when the event was last modified. Because I currently am living in Chicago, the timestamp represents not the time at which I made the entry, but the time it is in the time zone six hours ahead of me, one hour later than GMT 1Z.

What happens if I have a monthly deadline, and I want to include that in this calendar event? In Sunbird, I can go into the recurrence tab in the event editor by double-clicking on the event. There, I indicate that I want this event to repeat once every month, which changes the interface such that Im now asked if it should be on the 11th of every monththat is, on the same dateor on the second Friday of every month, relative to the month.

If I choose the first,. Finally, lets take advantage of Sunbirds ability to have remote calendars by moving this file out of our directory and onto another system. I move the CalendarDataFile7. I double-check that the file is available from this URL by trying to download it using wget. When I see that it works fine, I know I can put this information into Sunbird. Now I go into Sunbird and delete the ATF calendar; Sunbird wont let you remove the filename of an existing local calendar.

I then choose subscribe to remote calendar from the File menu, and enter the URL at which I have placed my. Once the calendar has been downloaded, I see the LJ deadline event on my calendar each month, exactly as if it were on my local machine. And, in fact, if you look in the Calendar directory, you can see that the file is on your local machine. It has been downloaded and installed into that directory, and it can be refreshed whenever you request.

Simply right-click on the calendar name and select reload remote calendar. We were able to create different types of events and then move the resulting iCalendar file from our local machine to a remote server. However, our calendar is static, meaning that someone has to modify it by hand or by uploading a calendar file each time it changes. We then will look at different ways in which calendars created on one computer can be written to a server and shared with other people.

Resources for this article: www. Reuven M. His Weblog is at altneuland. KprobesA Kernel Debugger Looking for a way to use some of the same debugging techniques in the kernel that you apply in user-space code? Heres how to bring debugging support to tricky kernel development problems. After enabling Kprobes support in the kernel, we can debug any instruction at any kernel address.

This article explains how to compile a kernel with Kprobes and how to register and unregister Kprobes, using a live example. It also covers the concept of debugging the kernel, plus internal operations of the Kprobes framework and its features. To get started, suppose we are trying to debug a specific instruction at an address location in the kernel.

Using the facilities provided by Kprobes, we can execute three functions, namely, pre-handler, post-handler and fault handler. The prehandler function is executed before the execution of the instruction at the debugged memory location takes place.

The post-handler executes after the instruction being debugged is executed. The fault handler is executed if the instruction leads to a fault. To explain further, lets look at an example. Suppose we want to debug the instruction at location x. Let the instruction at location x be i. The fault handler comes into the picture when the instruction i causes an operating system fault.

In addition, no forced serialisation of system processes is required for operation. In particular, in an SMP environment no interprocessor serialisation is required.

Another important feature of Kprobes is that data can be extracted by a probe handler and saved in a buffer. This is significant for later examination of data from a crashdump or data dumped to the console at a consistent time.

How to Enable Kprobes Support in the Kernel. After being out-of-tree patches for a long time, Kprobes finally was included in the vanilla Linux kernel. This article covers the core Kprobes functionality included as of kernel version 2. Many other features are supported by Kprobes, and they are available as patches from the Kprobes Web site see the online Resources.

Download the vanilla kernel from www. While configuring the kernel, go to the Kernel Hacking submenu. Enable Kernel debugging, and then choose the Kprobes option. Compile the kernel with this configuration and boot it. After we have enabled Kprobes, we can use various kernel APIs to register and unregister it. This function takes the pointer to a structure called struct kprobe. In the struct we can specify the following: 1.

The address on which Kprobe has to be set addr. A debugging console is not necessary when using Kprobes. This is a significant design point, because it results in minimal system dependencies for operation. It therefore allows debugging to be performed at interrupt time, during context switches, when the system is disabled for interrupts and so on. Lets look at a real example of the process of kernel debugging using Kprobes.

We begin by inserting the function we are going to debug. The code to do this is as follows, I have added the line numbers for reference:. Choose from a broad line of Tatung rackmount servers. The 3U blades can be configured in up to servers per 42U rack. Each hot-swappable blade is powered by the latest low-power consumption processor and has built-in dual gigabit ethernet switches and can be controlled with Tatungs advanced management software.

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Line 62 registers Kprobe. When the module is. From testing and design to nationwide deployment, the service from MBX has been rst class. MBX is the leader in custom appliances. Many premier application developers have chosen MBX as their partner because of our experience, exibility and accessibility.

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Setup fee may apply to certain branding options. Motherboard Express Company. Wauconda, IL. Now we have to invoke the function we are debugging. Line 16 here calls the function we are debugging. The Kprobes framework invokes the pre-handler prior to the execution of the function, and the post-handler is invoked after the execution of the instruction under debug.

We then can print the register contents and Kprobe information. The following is the transcript of messages I received after compiling and inserting the above modules. Inserting the first module:. To understand better how Kprobes works, we should know the general concept of breakpoints, because Kprobes makes use of the same mechanism. A breakpoint is a mechanism provided by the hardware in most processors that we can use for debugging.

For now, we are going to consider the x86 architecture. The instruction set for the processor provides a breakpoint instruction, and this instruction generates a breakpoint exception. Thus, control is transferred to the breakpoint exception handler. Most debuggers use this facility. Suppose the debugger makes use of the breakpoint mechanism to debug. If it has to debug an instruction at a particular location, it replaces the corresponding instruction with the breakpoint instruction.

The breakpoint instruction then generates the exception. The debugger contains a provision to be informed whenever such an exception is generated. The debugger then takes the necessary debugging steps, such as printing out the register values and manipulating them, as well as replacing the instruction with the original instruction. After this, execution of the instruction proceeds as usual. When we register a pre-handler, what actually happens is Kprobes replaces the instruction at the memory location with a breakpoint instruction.

The instruction that was present there is saved for later reference. Hence, whenever control reaches the particular location, the breakpoint exception occurs. The default breakpoint exception handler is modified by Kprobes. The modified exception handler checks whether the address has an instance of Kprobe associated with it.

If there is an associated Kprobe, the exception handler executes the pre-handler. Otherwise, control is transferred to the normal breakpoint exception handler. If Kprobe is registered for that particular location, it prepares the. In either of these cases, the fault handler can be used to discover what went wrong. The Kprobes patch helps a kernel developer debug any address within the kernel. Various patches are available from the Kprobes home page, including ones for setting watch points and for debugging user address locations.

With proper use, Kprobes can become a powerful weapon in any kernel developers arsenal. When I Was Your Man. Mars, Bruno. Don't Shut Me Down. Visiting Hours. Sheeran, Ed. I Still Have Faith in You. Silver Bells. Smith, Kate. The Joker and the Queen. Nessun dorma None Shall Sleep. Sleigh Ride. Anderson, Leroy. Natalie Cole. Rated 4.